Peptic Ulcer Disease (PUD) is a condition in which open sores or ulcers develop on the inner lining of the stomach, upper part of the small intestine (duodenum), or rarely the lower esophagus. These ulcers form when the protective lining of the digestive tract is damaged by stomach acid and digestive enzymes. The most common causes of PUD are Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection and prolonged use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) such as aspirin and painkillers. Other contributing factors include smoking, excessive alcohol consumption, severe stress, and chronic medical illnesses. The main symptom of peptic ulcer disease is a burning or gnawing pain in the upper abdomen. The pain may occur between meals or at night and can temporarily improve after eating or taking antacids. Other symptoms include bloating, nausea, vomiting, loss of appetite, and indigestion. In severe cases, ulcers can lead to complications such as bleeding, perforation, or gastric outlet obstruction, which are medical emergencies. Diagnosis of PUD is usually made through upper gastrointestinal endoscopy, which allows direct visualization of the ulcer and biopsy if needed. Tests for H. pylori infection, including breath tests, blood tests, or stool antigen tests, are also commonly performed. Treatment focuses on healing the ulcer and preventing recurrence. This includes acid-suppressing medications such as proton pump inhibitors (PPIs), antibiotics to eradicate H. pylori infection, and avoidance of NSAIDs. Lifestyle changes like quitting smoking, limiting alcohol, stress management, and adopting a healthy diet play an important role in recovery. With early diagnosis and proper treatment, most peptic ulcers heal completely. Timely medical care helps prevent serious complications and ensures long-term digestive health.