Hepatitis B: Understanding the Infection and Its Long-Term Impact Hepatitis B is a viral infection that affects the liver and is caused by the Hepatitis B virus (HBV). It is a major global health concern, particularly in Asia and developing regions, where chronic infection rates remain high. The virus spreads through blood and body fluids, most commonly via unprotected sexual contact, sharing needles, unsafe medical practices or from mother to child during childbirth. Early diagnosis and timely management are essential to prevent serious complications. Hepatitis B can present in two forms: acute and chronic. Acute infection may cause symptoms such as fatigue, jaundice, abdominal pain, dark urine and loss of appetite, but many patients remain asymptomatic. While most healthy adults naturally clear the virus, some individuals progress to chronic infection, especially those infected at birth or during early childhood. Chronic Hepatitis B is particularly dangerous because it can silently damage the liver over years, leading to cirrhosis, liver failure and hepatocellular carcinoma (liver cancer). Regular monitoring through blood tests, liver function tests, viral load analysis and ultrasound is crucial to assess liver health and determine the need for antiviral treatment. Modern antiviral medications help suppress viral replication, protect the liver and significantly reduce the risk of complications. For patients with advanced disease or liver failure, timely evaluation for liver transplantation becomes important. Prevention remains the most effective strategy against Hepatitis B. A safe and effective vaccine is available and recommended for all infants, healthcare workers and adults at risk. Avoiding needle sharing, practising safe sex and ensuring safe blood transfusions also reduce transmission. Raising awareness, promoting vaccination and ensuring early detection can greatly reduce the long-term burden of Hepatitis B and improve outcomes for affected individuals.